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In addition to iron uptake, after crossing the outer membrane, zinc uptake is facilitated by a periplasmic binding protein and a homologous membrane permease system ZnuABC (also called MntABC in the literature), and mutants unable to produce any of these proteins are defective in intracellular survival (Lim et al., 2008)
The poll results have limitations, as the answers are self-reported
In the existing research, the dosage was 1 g of yerba mate extract three times daily (3 g total per day)
These ingredients are believed to inhibit melanin production, reduce oxidative stress, and help achieve a brighter skin tone over time