(11) Elena M Khvatova, Victor N Samartzev, Pavel P Zagoskin, Igor A Prudchenko, and Inessa I Mikhaleva (2003) Delta sleep inducing peptide (DSIP): effect on respiration activity in rat brain mitochondria and stress protective potency under experimental hypoxia Peptides, 2003 Feb, Volume 24 (Issue 2), Pages 307-11
doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2025.06.034 139 WuXXiaYDaiHHongCZhaoYWeiWet al
Together they're used for energy, metabolism support, and as an adjunct to weight management programs
Bath application of GLP-1 induces a depolarization in most hippocampal neurons and a hyperpolarization in a few neurons ( in vitro electrophysiological recordings further demonstrated that exendin-4 elicits an early fast excitatory response dose-dependently (Hsu et al., 2015, 2018)
veterans with T2DM, reporting that metformin therapy lasting more than 4 years significantly decreased the risk of developing both PD and AD ( Recent research suggests that metformin may also alter the gut microbiota, through the protection of the intestinal barrier, promotion of SCFAs producing bacteria growth, regulation of bile acids plasmatic levels and their excretion, and direct regulation of growth of bacteria with a positive effect on glucose homeostasis (eg., Akkermansia muciniphila ) ( 3.2.1.3 Comment In conclusion, high-quality studies are needed to determine the potential role of metformin in PD, focusing on its precise mechanism of action and the elucidation of its double-edged effects
