In preclinical models its reported effects concentrate at or near the site of administration, where it appears to promote new vessel formation, support fibroblast activity and stabilise the local healing environment
Water, acid (citric acid), L-carnitine 3%, flavouring, green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaf extract 3%, choline bitartrate 1.2%, inulin, taurine 1%, caffeine 0.8%, sweetener (acesulfame K), glucuronolactone, inositol, L-ascorbic acid, preservative (sorbic acid), nicotinamide, sweetener (sucralose), D-pantothenate, calcium, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamin hydrochloride, pteroylmonoglutamic acid, colour (azorubine1), D-biotin, cyanocobalamin. 1Azorubine: may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children
They also contain antioxidants and certain beneficial trace minerals that support healthy circulation
Regular B12 injections can be particularly beneficial for individuals who are unable to absorb vitamin B12 adequately from their diet or supplementsa challenge that may arise due to several medical conditions or lifestyle factors
Biomaterials 33 , 50045012 (2012)