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This period also marks the arrival of a broader next wave of players
Data Availability All model parameters and kinetic information are presented in the supplementary information
Blood, 2011
In the absence of enough iron in cells, an iron starvation response begins, increasing iron availability by increasing TFCR1 and decreasing the levels of FTH and ferroportin (FPN) ( 2.1.2 Iron homeostasis Under normal circumstances, intracellular iron maintains a subtle balance through the iron transport system ( Iron homeostasis dysregulation is involved in ferroptosis, and multiple iron metabolism regulatory factors work together to maintain iron homeostasis ( 2+ levels and lipid peroxidation, inhibiting ferroptosis ( 2.2 Ferroptosis and lipid metabolism The conversion of lipids into membrane phospholipids and the occurrence of peroxidation are necessary conditions for ferroptosis ( Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4) and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 3 are key enzymes involved in the process of lipid peroxidation ( 2.3 Ferroptosis and amino acid metabolism Ferroptosis is closely related to amino acid metabolism ( 2.3.1 Negative regulatory factors of System Xc - Inhibiting cysteine uptake by System Xc - can inhibit the synthesis of GSH, leading to the accumulation of peroxides in the body and the induction of ferroptosis ( 2.3.2 GPX4: a core regulator of ferroptosis Ferroptosis is related to the inactivation of GPX4 ( 2.4 Ferroptosis and antioxidant pathways Under physiological conditions, when cells undergo lipid peroxidation, multiple antioxidant pathways counteract this change
Common signs of B12 deficiency include persistent fatigue, brain fog, weakness, tingling in hands and feet, memory problems, mood changes, and difficulty concentrating
