A single layer of epithelial cells form the main physical barrier between the lumen and mucosal tissues
Conflicts of interest All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest
Peptide sequence verified
Pathological causes of elevated B12 warrant careful consideration: Haematological disorders : Myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythaemia vera, chronic myeloid leukaemia), acute leukaemia, and lymphoproliferative disorders can increase B12-binding proteins (transcobalamin and haptocorrin), elevating total serum B12 [3] Liver disease : Hepatocellular damage releases stored B12 into circulation
These include glucosamine, chondroitin sulphate, turmeric, green lipped muscle extract, omega 3 fatty acids, polysulphated glycosaminoglycans, Boswellia, Devils claw, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables, MSM, and many more