Pay in 4 interest-free payments of $5.85 Learn more
Ships within 48 hours · Estimated delivery Aug 25 - Aug 30
All purchases are limited to licensed researchers and/or qualified professionals
New York: McGraw-Hill Medical
These pathways may involve both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent mechanisms related to metabolic regulation
PMC 3136748
Other groups who may benefit include: Patients following gastric surgery (gastrectomy, bariatric procedures) where intrinsic factor production or absorption sites are compromised Individuals with malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or chronic pancreatitis Strict vegans and vegetarians with dietary insufficiency, though oral supplementation is usually tried first Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis or reduced gastric acid production Patients on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, which can impair B12 absorption [6] [8] Individuals with nitrous oxide exposure (recreational or medical), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnosis typically involves serum B12 measurement, with levels below approximately 148 pmol/L (though thresholds vary between laboratories) generally indicating deficiency
