These biomarkers not only deepen our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms but also hold promise as tools for treatment monitoring and patient stratification
In oxidative stress models, cells treated with GHK-Cu show 65% reduction in malondialdehyde levels (a lipid peroxidation marker) and 80% increase in total antioxidant capacity compared to controls
Therefore, formulations presenting hemolysis values below 5% were considered acceptable for further biological evaluation
In addition to its effects on the skin, Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, protecting the skin from free radicals Bilberry : Bilberry is a small shrub rich in polyphenols, anthocyanins, and flavanols
With a 5% concentration of caffeine combined with a highly-purified EGCG, the formulation helps brighten the appearance of dark circles around the eye area, while also reducing the look of puffiness