Research has examined its role in: IGFBP-independent IGF-1R binding and receptor activation studies Myogenic cell proliferation, satellite cell activation, and muscle biology research PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathway signalling investigations IGFBP-3 regulation and gene expression modelling in muscle cell cultures Tissue repair and wound healing pathway research Comparative IGF-1 analogue studies alongside IGF-1 LR3 and native IGF-1 Neuroregeneration and CNS biology research models Cell differentiation and anti-apoptotic pathway studies IGF-DES and Myogenic Cell Research Treatment of porcine embryonic myogenic cells with Des(1-3)IGF-1 resulted in a threefold reduction in IGFBP-3 levels in conditioned media, while IGF-1 treatment caused a fourfold increase in the steady-state level of myogenin mRNA suggesting that IGF-I treatment accelerates differentiation of myogenic cells, and that this differentiation may be preceded or accompanied by decreased IGFBP-3 production

In another small study in healthy men with cardiovascular risk factors, those with abnormal reactive hyperemia index (RHI) which measures peripheral endothelial function and stiffness, experienced a significant reduction in arterial stiffness after taking sublingual glutathione
Insufficient intrinsic factor production, common in older adults due to age-related absorption decline, can also lead to deficiency
Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14, 133139, 10.1038/nrm3522 (2013)
The side effects we occasionally see in clinic are mild and typically transient