doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08188.x 146 SweeneySRKavanaughALodiAWangBBoyleDTizianiSet al
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Hypoxic, inflammatory, pharmacological, or three-dimensional preconditioning may increase prosurvival, angiogenic, or immunomodulatory activity, but it can also affect safety and comparability
Routes of Administration Subcutaneous injection (standard): Protocols describe injection in the abdomen, thigh, or upper arm, rotating sites between injections, using standard SC technique with a 29-31 gauge insulin syringe
Some patients benefit from weekly injections initially, tapering to monthly maintenance once levels normalize