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Polyphenols, such as CA, fisetin, polymannuronic acid, and curcumin, effectively modulate gut microbiota composition, often by enhancing beneficial bacteria, reducing pathogenic ones, and restoring microbial balance, including the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio [42,43,44,45]
Bile affects small intestinal bacterial population in a few ways: Bile delivers IgA antibodies (part of your immune system) to the small intestine when it is released from the gallbladder
See Supplemental Figure 1&2
They aren't alternatives to each other and can be used together for thorough health improvement