Briefly, HaCaT keratinocytes were seeded at a density of 10,000 cells per well in 200 l fresh culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution) into 96-well flat-bottomed microtitre plates (Costar, Corning, USA) and incubated at 37 C in humidified 5% CO 2 using AutoFlow NU-5510 Direct Heat CO 2 Incubator (NuAire, USA) for 24 hours before treatment
Dispose of all the materials in an approved biohazard disposal container
Glutathione, a tripeptide composed of three amino acidscysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine, plays a central role in the body's natural defence against oxidative stress
Preparation and characterization of OA-NPs@OA The OA-conjugated HA copolymers linked by disulfide bonds were synthesized based on our previous report and characterized via 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR, Avance , Bruker, Germany), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR, Nicolet iS50, Thermo Fisher, USA), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis, Evolution300, Thermo Fisher, USA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD, D8 ADVANCE Da Vinci, Bruker, Germany), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC, DSC214, Thermo Fisher, USA), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA, TG209, Thermo Fisher, USA)
This includes an increase in the production of insulin, vital in transporting sugar (glucose) from the blood and into cells to be used as energy