This triple mechanism distinguishes it from dual-agonist peptides like tirzepatide (GLP-1/GIP) and single-agonist compounds like semaglutide (GLP-1 only), making it the most broadly acting incretin-class compound currently under clinical investigation
KEGG analysis identified key pathways involved, including the AMPK signaling pathway, Glutathione metabolism, Pentose phosphate pathway, and Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis, among others (refer to Fig
These drugs, currently sold by Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly and Company, have raked in hundreds of billions of dollars in sales
These include CMA, aggrephagy (selective autophagy of protein aggregates), and lysosomal degradation pathways
Gene-expression and protein-synthesis changes in dermal-fibroblast and keratinocyte cultures over hours to days