At optimal concentrations, GHK-Cu increases mRNA production for collagen types I and III, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans, while laboratory studies show that topical application for 12 weeks improves collagen production in 70% of subjects compared to 50% with vitamin C and 40% with retinoic acid
Metabolomic analysis showed that more than one-third of the measured metabolites correlated significantly with age, with three groups standing out: acylcarnitines (linked to mitochondrial function), indole derivatives (gut microbiome-associated), and post-translationally modified amino acids (ptmAAs)
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B12 injections are also used to treat people with malabsorption (gastrointestinal conditions that prevent proper absorption of B12 from the gut), for example, people with atrophic gastritis (stomach inflammation) and intrinsic factor deficiency (pernicious anemia) or those who have undergone surgical procedures such as gastrectomy or small bowel resection (stomach or intestine removed), autoimmune diseases, etc
5 , e694 (2024)