Sublingual B12, which bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, is the least invasive and potentially most cost-effective option, especially for individuals with impaired absorption, making it an attractive alternative for long-term and patient-friendly management (Vidal-Alaball et al., 2006)
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Humans and other eukaryotic organisms lack the enzymatic machinery necessary for de novo Cbl synthesis and rely on external sources, such as diet or symbiotic bacteria, to obtain Cbl [85, 86]
[16] The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as "dietary reference values", with population reference intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and average requirement instead of EAR
Low levels of B12 can lead to tiredness, weakness, poor concentration, and mood changes