The elderly (reduced absorption) Pernicious anemia Vegetarians / Vegans (low dietary B12) People taking metformin or acid reflux medications (PPIs) Post-bariatric or gastric-bypass patients Genetic variants in MTRR , MTR , or TCN2 What Has B12 Been Studied For
Safety monitoring should account for several important risks: Diabetic retinopathy : Patients with existing retinopathy should be monitored closely, particularly if experiencing rapid improvements in blood glucose levels, as this can temporarily worsen eye complications
The efficacy of a cholinesterase inhibitor combined with memantine was superior to that of memantine alone
The glucose-dependent mechanism means that these medicines carry a lower risk of hypoglycaemia compared to some other diabetes treatments when used alone
The most common side effects are typically gastrointestinal, such as nausea, a feeling of fullness, constipation, or decreased appetite