It is also listed as a prohibited agent by the US Department of Defense/War as well as by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
This exceptional stability contributes to its effectiveness through multiple administration routes
B12 deficiency is more common than widely recognized, particularly in individuals who follow plant-based diets, take proton pump inhibitors or metformin, are over 50, or have gastrointestinal conditions affecting absorption
Skin mast cells carry MRGPRX2, a receptor that fires on cationic, aromatic ("cationic amphiphilic") molecules and releases histamine redness, swelling, the classic wheal. It is confirmed for SS-31, which activates the receptor well below its injection concentration
Also read: Where Can I Get a Vitamin B12 Shot