Nanoparticles also cause changes in protein structure and interact with cell membrane lipids [2, 22, 23]
Other etiologies, such as metformin-induced lactic acidosis and infection, were ruled out with additional testing (a lactic acid level of 1 mmol/l, no signs of acute pancreatitis in CT scan, no signs of pneumonia in a chest X-ray)
Testosterone and DHEA had no direct cytokine inducing effect in the same model
Others may be drawn to the culture of optimisation, where the pressure to appear in a certain manner or remain productive and energetic takes primacy
Over time, this energy shortfall sets off a cascade of downstream effects: synaptic dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, neuroinflammation, and ultimately the accumulation of amyloid- and tau pathology Importantly, imaging and metabolic studies consistently show that reductions in cerebral glucose metabolism and perfusion precede cognitive symptoms by years, often decades [8]