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Limitations & Considerations Much of the published literature on this copper-peptide complex comes from in-vitro and animal-model work rather than large randomized trials, so effect sizes reported in one system do not automatically transfer to another
Several rodent studies link BPC-157 to the VEGF-receptor-2 / Akt / endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling axis, which would connect its reported angiogenic and vasodilatory effects to a single upstream pathway
Hyaluronic acid-based aqueous serums are the most common, as they ensure good solubility of the copper complex and optimal penetration
Care 8 , 34963503 (2019)
Gel-based or clay cleanups that control oil work best
