* Correspondence: Yang Wang, [email protected]
This includes confirmed low serum vitamin B12 levels, pernicious anaemia, malabsorption states such as coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or post-gastric or bariatric surgery, unexplained anaemia, neuropathy or neurological symptoms consistent with vitamin B12 deficiency, a long-term vegan diet with symptoms or low levels, or failure of oral vitamin B12 supplementation
The reactive oxygen molecules potentially damage lipids in cell membranes and genetic material, which may lead to the development of cardiovascular disease
The extracted risk estimates from the studies were risk ratio, odds ratio, standardized incidence ratio, rate ratio, hazard ratio, and incidence rate ratio
This would be expected to have an effect on the rates amino-acid-requiring processes of one-carbon metabolism and glutathione synthesis