Injectable protocols follow different guidelines than topical applications
N Engl J Med 373(23):22472257 Rahmoune H, Thompson PW, Ward JM, Smith CD, Hong G, Brown J (2005) Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with noninsulin- dependent diabetes
Extended Data Figure 5 C347 6.36b F stabilizes the interaction interface between GLP-1R and NAMs
It also activates lysyl oxidase (LOX), the copper-dependent enzyme responsible for collagen and elastin crosslinking in the extracellular matrix
A simple way to think about it is this: KPV is a fragment of alpha-MSH that retains much of its anti-inflammatory activity, particularly in the gut, but it does not bind to the same receptors as alpha-MSH and does not drive skin pigmentation the way alpha-MSH itself, or analogs like melanotan II do