Hyperinsulinemia resulting from insulin resistance stimulates excessive androgen production by the ovaries and adrenal glands, exacerbating hyperandrogenemia and ovulatory dysfunction ( e.g ., diet and exercise) and pharmacological treatments ( e.g ., metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists) can ameliorate insulin resistance and improve metabolic outcomes in PCOS ( 2.3 Hormonal imbalance Hyperandrogenemia is a defining feature of PCOS, characterized by elevated serum testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels, leading to clinical manifestations such as hirsutism, acne, and alopecia
Studies have also shown that it stimulates dermal papilla cells, encouraging hair follicle enlargement and regrowth
Nature Biomed
require documentation of indication, dosing, and clinical response Biologics (IL-12/23 inhibitor): Ustekinumab (Stelara, J3357) FDA-approved for moderate-to-severe CD
Expression of glutathione transferase pi as a predictor for treatment results at different stages of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia
