A WHO consultation identified the most vulnerable groups as elderly individuals, infants, preschool-aged children, and pregnant or lactating women, due to either increased nutritional demands or impaired absorption capacity ( Addressing the prevention of B12 deficiency and its public health implications requires a comprehensive, life-course approach based on integrated strategies targeting early detection, dietary optimisation, and effective supplementation, in order to mitigate the long-term consequences of inadequate cobalamin status ( Intramuscular (IM) injection is the most invasive and costly administration method, requiring trained personnel and clinical visits
IAld, Indole-3-aldehyde
This decline is often associated with common signs of aging, such as reduced muscle tone, increased body fat, slower metabolism, and decreased skin elasticity
Activation of immune cells During liver injury, DAMPs trigger an inflammatory response via PRRs and inflammasomes, leading to the infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, as well as the activation of Kupffer cells
JS Jeegisha Soni
