Attia, P
Documented side effects are usually mild to moderate: Injection-site pain, redness, or bruising Flushing Increased heart rate Nausea or gastrointestinal upset Headache Urinary changes or a fishy body odor at higher choline doses Because these are compounded products, sterile technique, pharmacy sourcing, and formulation verification matter
Since NNMT is expressed in adipose, hepatic, and gut tissues 50,51,52 , and these tissues heavily cross-talk with the gut microbiome 53,54,55 , NNMTi treatment or its resulting weight loss effects 8,9 may modulate the microbiome
Clinical trials
Medications side effects Vitamin B12 Some other prescription medications can directly cause a vitamin B12 deficiency, such as proton pump inhibitors and metformin