Elevated vitamin B12 (cobalamin) levels in the blood are often discovered incidentally during routine blood tests, as high B12 itself rarely causes direct symptoms
Connexins enable direct intercellular communication of metabolites, nucleotides, nutrients, and secondary messengers, regulating apoptosis, inflammation, and cellular growth, while also amplifying liver inflammation and cell death (Maes and Vinken 2017
Because of this overlap, there may be a greater-than-average number of diabetics in need of both treatment for diabetes and opioid use
Then that growth hormone must circulate and produce its downstream effects through IGF-1 and other mediators
In addition, a 2024 study 18 discussed Akkermansia's ability to increase GLP-1 levels in the gut