Inset graphs show a close-up of the region from 190-220 nm

Abbreviations AUD: Alcohol Use Disorder CI: Confidence Interval DPP-4: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 DPP-4i: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor EMA: European Medicines Agency FDA: Food and Drug Administration GABA: Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid GLP-1: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 GLP-1RA: Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist HR: Hazard Ratio I: I-squared Statistic ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision NAc: Nucleus Accumbens NOS: NewcastleOttawa Scale NR: Not Reported PEth: Phosphatidylethanol PICOS: Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, Study Design PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews Q: Cochrans Q Statistic RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial REML: Restricted Maximum Likelihood RYGB: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass SD: Standard Deviation SE: Standard Error T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : Tau-squared VTA: Ventral Tegmental Area References Carvalho AF, Heilig M, Perez A, Probst C, Rehm J

The elevated DNA damage and altered DNA methylation are risks for cancer and play essential roles in neurological, and developmental abnormalities and cognitive defects (4, 22, 66)
Mukherjee et al, 2024
The bulls were housed individually in pens and fed under uniform feeding conditions throughout the experiments