these factors may contribute to a higher incidence of hepatobiliary adverse events [2,37]
The gastrointestinal side effects often subside as patients acclimate to the treatment but do lead to treatment discontinuation for some patients
Our overarching framework is that gutbrain (and other periphery-to-brain) endocrine signaling may play a role in AUD (and potentially other substance use disorders) and could therefore represent novel targets for treatment development
In mammalian nervous systems, many different types of chemical substances, including amino acids (e.g., glutamate), monoamines (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine), acetylcholine, peptides (e.g., substance P), serve as neurotransmitters to bind their corresponding receptors, then activate ion channels, and consequently produce ion flux 1 , thereby inducing membrane potential changes that lead to signal propagation for neurotransmission 1,2,3,4
Using a formula based on height and weight, a BMI greater than 30 is obese, while a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is overweight. We will discuss the pitfalls of such a formula to determine health in a future article, but it is the standard tool providers use today