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Nov 23 2020;20(1):547
Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology
Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
Human pilot evidence Three small pilots: a 12-patient knee-pain case series (Lee & Padgett, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2021)
Through these molecular mechanisms, GLP-1 not only plays a crucial role in the treatment of diabetes by enhancing the function and protecting pancreatic -cells from apoptosis, but it may also offer potential therapeutic benefits in fields such as cardiovascular and neural protection
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