The primary contribution to the barrier function belongs to the BBB since at the level of brain micro-vessel endothelium BBB is the major site of blood-CNS exchange (Abbott et al., 2010)
The NHS Inform Scotland guidance and the Vegan Societys recommendation align: a 10-microgram daily B12 supplement, or a 2,000-microgram weekly supplement, is enough for the vast majority of plant-based eaters
The science focus, however, is real
Standard dosing protocol Dose range : 1-3mg daily Most common : 2mg daily for therapeutic use Conservative start : 1mg daily for first week, assess tolerance High dose : 3mg daily for acute inflammation or intensive healing Frequency : Once daily, preferably same time each day Reconstitution Standard protocol : Add 2ml bacteriostatic water to 50mg vial Concentration : 25mg/ml Dose calculation examples : 1mg dose = 0.04ml (4 units on insulin syringe) 2mg dose = 0.08ml (8 units) 3mg dose = 0.12ml (12 units) 50mg vial lasts : 25-50 days depending on dose Use our reconstitution calculator for exact measurements
Ma ZJ, Yang JJ, Lu YB, Liu ZY, Wang XX (2020) Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: toward cell-free therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine