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In vitro and animal studies have found that lipoic acid exhibits immunomodulatory properties through mechanisms that stimulate the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (90, 91) a central regulator of innate immune functions and inhibits the migration of immune cells into the brain and spinal cord (92), possibly by decreasing endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules, inhibiting expression of enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and/or reducing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (87, 89, 93, 94)
10.1007/s00535-011-0500-0 J
[5] However, because it is not FDA-approved for therapeutic use in the United States, its administration is considered off-label or investigational, making medical supervision essential rather than optional
M., & Mahmood, A
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