When you swallow a B12 pill, several steps have to work for it to be absorbed: stomach acid and the enzyme pepsin must release B12 from food or the supplement, the stomach must secrete a protein called intrinsic factor that binds to B12, and the B12-intrinsic factor complex must reach the ileum (the end of the small intestine) where it is finally absorbed
Liu Z, Zhou J, Wang X, Xu W, Teng Z, Chen H, et al
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Thirty-six were randomly assigned to different DPSC dose groups (ranging from 1 10 6 to 1 10 7 DPSCs per tooth, with nine injected with saline only), and 96 were randomly assigned to a single-injection group (1 10 7 /0.6 mL DPSCs), a double-injection group (1 10 7 /0.6 mL DPSCs 2), or a saline group, in a 1:1:1 ratio
10.3390/ijms21082663 79 NakaD.IshiiT.YoshiyamaY.MiyazawaK.HaraH.HishidaT.et al (1992)