Vegan diets, excessive alcohol use, certain medications, aging, and certain stomach diseases all raise the risk of vitamin B12 insufficiency
Although methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are the bioactive forms of B12, they are unfortunately very chemically unstable outside of the body mainly due to their photosensitivity and therefore more difficult to produce
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About six percent of Americans under the age of 60and 20 percent of those over 60have a B12 deficiency (1)
A structured search strategy was used to identify in vitro, animal, and human studies that assessed vitamin B-12 status, dietary intake, or supplementation, and the gut microbiome using culture-independent techniques