As one of the rate-limiting substrates for the synthesis of GSH, which maintains redox balance, Cys availability and GSH levels jointly influence ROS stress and the extent of inflammatory signal amplification, thereby indirectly shaping the pro-inflammatory or reparative functional spectrum ( 2 S), which, as a gaseous signaling molecule, can regulate multiple inflammation-related pathways and affect macrophage phenotypes (7477)
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Identifying the underlying cause requires comprehensive clinical assessment and targeted investigations
While there is potential mechanistic overlap with DPP-4 inhibitors or dual GLP/GIP receptor agonists we focus the current review on GLP-1RAs due to preponderance and availability of longer-term data, as well as the significantly higher market penetrance of this drug class
416 Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven prediction and model integration AI, particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is revolutionizing the study of cancer drug resistance by enabling predictive modeling, multiomics integration, and dynamic treatment optimization (Fig