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In research it is used in models of obesity and metabolic syndrome

This includes people with: Pernicious anaemia (autoimmune destruction of intrinsic factor-producing cells), typically requiring lifelong IM injections Crohn's disease or surgical resection affecting the terminal ileum Coeliac disease causing malabsorption (may improve with gluten-free diet) Chronic pancreatitis reducing enzyme availability needed for B12 release Vegans and strict vegetarians need reliable B12 sources through fortified foods or supplements, as plant-based diets contain negligible amounts of active B12

Injection site reactions Minor redness, swelling, or itching at injection sites occurs occasionally with both compounds

Quality and sourcing concerns

Then, patients move to monthly maintenance doses to keep B12 levels steady over time