Discussion GLP-1/exendin-4 Suppresses GABA Currents of Rat GCs by Activating GLP-1R Although GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists have been reported to regulate AMPA receptors and GABA A receptors in central neurons [14, 57,58,59,60], no data concerning the regulation of ligand-gated channels of retinal neurons by GLP-1/GLP-1R agonists were available
[4] Dexpanthenol, the stable alcohol analogue of pantothenic acid, is rapidly converted to coenzyme A, a co-substrate for acyl-group transfer reactions in both fatty-acid and carbohydrate metabolism
Experimental evidence demonstrated that treatment with (Ex-4)2-Fc promotes the conversion of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, leading to increased expression of anti-inflammatory factors and significant reductions in pro-inflammatory markers
2018 Sep;178(9):1190-8
In some patients, especially those with established retinopathy, a sharp metabolic improvement can briefly aggravate retinal findings before long-term benefit becomes clearer