Pretorius E, Venter C, Laubscher GJ, Lourens PJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB
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How oxidation and reduction are balanced within the ER lumen is not well-understood, and that understanding is confounded by the observations that neither ablation of both ERO1 isoforms (Zito, Chin, Blais, Harding, & Ron, 2010) nor apparent depletion of total ER glutathione (Tsunoda et al., 2014) appreciably impacts ER protein oxidation capacity or stress sensitivity except for specialized substrates
The Ub monomer K48R mutation was introduced to prevent undesirable Ub chain elongation
Therefore, the presence of the VDR in these tissues indicates that calcitriol has functions in more cellular processes or that there are ligands other than calcitriol that can bind to and activate the VDR