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10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.152942 Circ Res
Diabetes 66 , 22302240 (2017)
It is a fundamental tool for exploring independent or synergistic multi-pathway metabolic interventions
A primary underlying cause is the disruption of the ghrelin signaling axis by gut microbiota dysbiosis: in diabetic states, an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio will induce ghrelin resistance ( Clostridium, Ruminococcus ) show positive correlations with ghrelin levels, whereas Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium show bidirectional relationships contingent on host metabolism (Leeuwendaal et al., 2021)
While preliminary safety data appears promising, more comprehensive human studies are needed to establish definitive dosing guidelines and safety parameters
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