Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin, also called cobalamin
This can lead to copper sequestration in misfolded fibrils along with copper deficiency in the mitochondria, causing impaired energy production (Min et al., 2024)
More recent work (Sosa-Hernandez et al., 2024) showed it prevented doxorubicin-induced organ damage by attenuating oxidative stress and supporting mitochondrial integrity
In human clinical use, reported side effects are generally mild and transient: Mild injection site redness or discomfort (resolves within hours) Transient nausea in some patients, particularly early in the protocol Mild dizziness or light-headedness (rare, typically dose-related) Temporary fatigue in the first few days (often a sign of active tissue remodeling) No significant systemic toxicity, organ damage, hormonal suppression, or addiction potential has been documented in the published literature
This is the safest guidance