The laser energy turns into heat and targets the pigmented areas
a control group (each rat was intraperitoneally injected with 0.5 ml of 0.9% NaCl daily for five days), HPE-treated group (HPE, 10.08 mg/Kg b.w/day, was subcutaneously injected for two weeks), MTX-treated group (MTX, 5 mg/Kg b.w/day, was intraperitoneally injected for five days) and MTX and HPE-treated group (Both MTX and HPE were injected to rats at the same time with the same doses, duration and injection routes in MTX and HPE groups)
These include temporary redness, mild swelling, occasional bruising, and slight burning sensation during administration
The page also notes that MOTS-C is best administered in the morning in a fasted state or before exercise to support optimal mitochondrial activation and metabolic response
Some of these have been developed specifically for the assessment of pain from osteoarthritis, others are more general