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Extreme deficits (800-1,000 calories below maintenance) are unnecessary and counterproductive because they increase muscle catabolism and metabolic adaptation

How 5-Amino-1MQ works, and why route is being debated at all 5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) , a cytosolic enzyme that transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) onto nicotinamide (a form of vitamin B3), producing 1-methylnicotinamide

However, vegans and strict vegetarians require particular attention, as plant-based foods contain negligible B12 unless fortified

That matters a lot for people who struggle to absorb B12 through food or oral supplements

IM up to 3/week provides less frequent, moderate dosing