ZhangC-SJiangBLiMZhuMPengYZhangYLet al
173 A decrease in cellular energy, such as inadequate glucose supply, triggers the activation of AMPK, a metabolic regulator involved in the stress response, leading to the inhibition of mTORC1
Moreover, both dietary intake and GABA- producing microbes are additional sources of GABA that may modify the islet milieu but not be reflected by circulating concentrations (127, 163)
NP-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs), such as polymeric NPs, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, gold NPs, and carbon nanotubes, have become significant due to their distinct and adjustable physicochemical characteristics, such as shape, size, surface charge, ligand modification, and controlled drug release ( Figure 10 ) (151)
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