Three cycles in now, and the changes have been gradual but real
Specifically, GHK-Cu was found to be least possible to cause skin irritation, while CuCl 2 and Cu(OAc) 2 were found to induce the expression of various skin irritation biomarkers, i.e., IL-1, IL-8, FOSL1, and HSPA1A
Pickart 2015 BioMed Res Int sequenced by Affymetrix chip the effects of 10 nM GHK-Cu on human fibroblasts after 24h: 4192 significantly modulated genes, including activation of DNA repair programmes (NBN, BRCA1), regeneration (collagens, elastin, integrins), antioxidant defence (glutathione peroxidase, SOD, peroxiredoxins) and anti-inflammatory modulation (reduction of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8)
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GHK-Cu fits into that picture naturally because it addresses the same biological process from a different angle, restoring the signal instead of forcing the response through physical injury