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Berberine studies suggest more modest effects, though direct head-to-head comparisons are lacking
These effects are proposed to be due to anti-inflammatory, autophagic flux activation, and inflammasome suppression [272]
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1633447 Received 22 May 2025 Accepted 11 August 2025 Published 29 August 2025 Volume 12 - 2025 Edited by Zili Xie, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States Reviewed by Nina Fuller-Shavel, Synthesis Clinic, United Kingdom Ali Mussa, Omdurman Islamic University, Sudan Xiaoqing Cathy Cheng, Washington University in St
Before recommending peptide therapy, our providers may evaluate: Your health goals Current symptoms Injury or recovery concerns Medical history Medication and supplement use Sleep, stress, and lifestyle factors Mental health history Hormonal or metabolic concerns Lab testing when appropriate Safety risks and contraindications If peptide therapy is appropriate, your provider will explain the recommended approach, possible benefits, limitations, risks, and follow-up plan
IGF-1 is mitogenic: it promotes cell growth and inhibits apoptosis, and epidemiological studies have linked chronically elevated IGF-1 to increased risk of several cancers, most consistently colorectal, breast, and prostate
