Beebe, D.C., and Y.-B
Turbulent flow promotes NF-B and AP-1 activity that upregulate pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic genes such as ICAM-1, E-selectin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, IL-1a, bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP-4), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and ET-1 [211]
IGF-1: Unlocking Growth Factor Benefits for Peak Male Performance Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) represents one of the most powerful anabolic peptides available for mens health optimization
Topical copper peptide application works well for localized skin concerns, daily maintenance, and convenience
Reported benefits (per available research): FDA-approved, clinical-trial-supported reduction of excess visceral abdominal fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy, the only indication with robust human RCT evidence behind it Studied in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial for possible support of executive function and cognitive performance in healthy older adults and adults with mild cognitive impairment (Baker et al., 2012) Proposed, but far less rigorously studied in healthy or bodybuilding populations, to support lean body mass and body composition changes through GH/IGF-1 axis stimulation