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Individuals who do not synthesize sufficient amounts of arginine, cysteine, glutamine, proline, selenocysteine, serine, and tyrosine, due to illness, for example, may need dietary supplements containing these amino acids

However, GSH has an overall negative charge at physiological pH, and mitochondria also exhibit an enormous negative membrane potential [57, 58]

Together, ferroptosis and melanocyte loss are characterized by mitochondrial malformations, glutathione peroxidase inactivation, p53 elevation, ROS accumulation, and lipid peroxidation (98, 99)

Central to this defense are enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and molecules like glutathione, which collectively neutralize harmful reactive species, safeguard cellular integrity, and support overall cellular function

This is particularly relevant for individuals exposed to environmental pollutants, those recovering from periods of poor dietary habits, or anyone looking to support overall metabolic health