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TABLE 1 Summarized chromatographic and mass spectrometric parameters of analytical methods applied in the study

In GD, the major autoantigen (thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-antibody) is to the receptor for the TSH, which causes overproduction of thyroid hormones, resulting in symptoms such as irritability, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, poor tolerance of heat and bulging eyes (Graves orbitopathy) ( Reference Effraimidis and Wiersinga 4 , Reference Marcocci, Kahaly and Krassas 7 , Reference Brent 8 )

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Not yet and not without physician involvement regardless of regulatory timing

doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11779-9 Summary Keywords gut microbiota, hypothyroidism, immune regulation, probiotics, prebiotics, microbiota-targeted therapy Citation Jiang T, Yang X, Wu B, Tao R, Chen R, Jin L, Sun D and Weng H (2025) Gut microbiota in hypothyroidism: pathogenic mechanisms and opportunities for precision microbiome interventions