That question cannot be answered from published data because no comparative study exists
GIP can stimulate the first phase of GLP-1 secretion independent of the vagus nerve, but only when infused at suprapharmacological levels, as evidenced by the rapid rise and fall in plasma GLP-1 upon supraphysiological infusion of GIP in sham and vagotomized rats (Rocca and Brubaker, 1999)
Wrapping It Up: Which Carnitine Is Right for You
New Jersey requires: Virginia mandates: Other states (Texas, California, New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois) dont impose specific obesity-treatment protocols beyond standard medical practice, but best practice is to document BMI 30 or 27 with comorbidity (matching FDA indications), obtain informed consent, and schedule regular follow-ups
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.122.026728 [Google Scholar] Pan X, Yue L, Ban J, Ren L, Chen S