Furthermore, GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptides have been shown to induce substance P release from sensory nerves expressing TRPV1 and TRPA1, broadening the potential pain modulation mechanisms of GLP-1 and suggesting their application in peripheral pain management 64
Second, proteolytic enzymes throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including pepsin in the stomach, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the small intestine, and brush-border peptidases, cleave peptides into inactive fragments
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Both BPC-157 and Thymosin Beta-4 have been shown to offer anti-inflammatory benefits in laboratory animal studies and have been investigated as potential treatments for muscle injuries
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